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タスマニアン・デヴィル(学名:Sarcophilus Harrisii) The Tasmanian Devil earned its name as they are endemic in Tasmania (used to live on mainland Australia) and it make shrieking noises, snorts and snarls which is likened to a demon. Being a nocturnal animal, has a brownish black fur which is in camouflage not to be seen by predators at night. During the day it retreats to a burrow, hollow log or dense bushes, emerging at night to forage. When roaming up to 10 miles per night, an excellent sense of smell help them to locate carrion at night. Tasmanian devils are the largest carnivorous marsupials alive today. Formerly exsisted larger carnivorous marsupials, Tasmanian tiger (thylacine =Tasmanian wolf), the last tiger died in captivity at the zoo in Hobart in 1936. Now the Devil is at the top of its local food web. Though the Tas. Devil can gallop very quickly, while young devils can even climb trees, they move in a slow manner. So, the scavenger prefer to eat carrion (dead animals) rather than to hunt. Sometimes though, it does kill small animals. And it is one of the rare species bein g cannibal. The existence of the scavengers help the nature by cleaning up the dead animals. The Tas. devil's so powerful bone-crunching jaws, much stronger than dog jaws, enable to eat every part of the prey including fur, feathers, bones and teeth. Sharp teeth and heavy molars help to crush bone and gristle, too. It eats just about anything like wallabies, kangaroos, pademelons, wonbats, lizards, snakes, frogs, birds, rodents, crayfish, eggs, insects and some vegetation. 世界で唯一タスマニア南西部に棲息し(かつてはオーストラリア本土にも棲息)、鼻を鳴らしたり歯を剥きだして唸る恐ろしい鳴き声から、こんなに怖い名前がつけられちゃいました。夜行性である彼等は、茶色がかった黒色の毛で闇に溶け込み、天敵に見つからぬ様うまくカムフラージュしてます。昼間は巣や木穴・茂みに引きこもり、夜は餌探し。1晩に17キロほど餌を求めて徘徊します。ここで、デヴィルの鋭〜い嗅覚が役立ちます。かつて棲息した肉食性有袋類、とタスマニアン・タイガー(フクロオオカミ)。1936年にホバートの動物園の檻の中で最後の一頭が死んでしまってからは、タスマニアン・デヴィルが地球上に存在する肉食性有袋類の中で最大の動物となりました。タスマニアでは食物網のトップに鎮座してるんですね。機敏に駆けることもできるし、子供の頃は木登りだってできるけど、動きは概してスロー。よって、ごくたまには小動物を殺しはするけれど、狩りをするよりも腐肉(死骸)を食べる事を好む。更に! デヴィル同士、共食いすることもある。こういった腐肉を食べる清浄動物の存在は、地球環境の浄化・資源の有効利用? にも役立ってます。デヴィルの顎はすこぶる頑丈にできてて、獲物は皮・羽根・骨・歯、全て残らずたいらげます。鋭く尖った歯と臼歯も手伝って、骨も軟骨も何もかも、砕き噛み契ってしまいます。兎に角、ワラビー・カンガルー・パデメロン・ウォンバット・トカゲ・蛇・蛙・鳥・齧歯類・ザリガニ・卵・昆虫・草、何でも食べます。 |
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Although the female give birth to 30 to 50 young at one time, only 2 to 4 babies survive. Mum has only 4 teats in her pouch. Therefore, right after the birth, the babies, blind and deaf with a quarter of an inch long, have to fight for survival to reach the teats. Then what happens to the remainder? Mum usually consume then as she cleans the birth area. Once the babies start suckling, the nipples swell up and fill the babies' mouths. After attached to the nipples for about 100 days, the babies can come out of the pouch. The babies develop in Mum's pouch for the first 4 months after the birth. The pouch is backward - facing (backward-opening) to prevent the dirt enter as Mum dig a burrow. The size is 50 to 80 long, weigh 6 to 10 kg and has a hairy bushy tail of 25 cm long. The life span is 8 yrs in the wild. メスは1回のお産で30〜50頭の赤ちゃんを産みますが、その中で生き残るのはたった2〜4頭。ママのお腹の袋の中には、乳首が4つしか無いの。よって、産まれた瞬間から、まだ目も見えず耳も聞こえない1センチ以下の小さな赤ちゃん同士の、生き残りを賭けた生存競争が始まり、最初にママの乳首に辿り着いた4頭だけが命を繋いでゆくことができるの。競争に負けた赤ちゃん達のゆく末は? ママが食べるんです。おっぱいを飲み始めると、赤ちゃん達の口を満たす様に乳首は膨らむの。生後100日ほどで袋から出られるようになりますが、生後4ヶ月になるまでママの袋の中で成長してゆきます。さて、デヴィルのお腹の袋はどちら向きでしょう? ウォンバット同様、お尻の方に入口があります。巣穴を掘る際、袋に土が入らないように工夫されてるんですね。体長50〜80センチ、体重6〜10キロ、25センチほどの毛がフサフサの尻尾があります。野生の場合、寿命は8年。 |
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The Tas. devil is endangered for some reasons : * One is that where the farmers
believed that Devils kill and eat the livestock and poultry,
they were exterminated. The government even paied money for killing
the Devil. Although the Devil once covered all of the mainland
Australia, as fossil evidence shows, the humans killed them all.
But now, the Devil is appreciated for reducing the number of
crop-eating rodents. What do you think ?? Every single creature
has a certain roll in the nature on the earth. Today, the distribution
is limited to the southwest of Tasmania. * One is that scientists suspect
that dingoes, an introduced species, drove both the Devil and
the thylacine to extinction on the mainland. * One is that recently, a terrible
Devil Facial Tumour Disease, probably a cancer caused by a virus,
is threatening the Devil to extinct. Horrific tumors develop,
firstly in and around the mouth as small lumps then develop into
large tumours particularly around the face and neck and sometimes
even in other parts of the body then they suffer for six months
before dying. Many females lose their young. This disease was
first noticed in the north-east of Tasmanian in the mid-1990s
but has become more prevalent in recent times except in the State's
far north-west and west coast. In some areas, more than 80% of
the population had lost. The Devil, a solitary animal, fight
a lot over food. If both are the same age and size, they would
try not to fight by giving the other a chance to back down. When
both are not equal nor both don't back down, they fight. The
disease has quickly spread through the species by continual contact
and biting each other during food squabbles. When it is excited,
the Devil's pale pink ears turn into deep red-purple. It may
also produce a strong odor when under stress. Scientists are
researching the cancers to determine the type of cancer cells
involved. The deteremination of the type of cancer cells which
cause the problem will then assist in identifying some of the
possible causes for the disease. |
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タスマニアン・タイガー (学名 : Thylacine cynocephalus) Reference : Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment It is thought that the Tasmanian tiger is possibly extinct. The world's last known captive Tasmanian tiger died at the zoo in Hobart, Tasmania on 7th of September in 1936. It was after only a century of white settlement the animal had been pushed to the brink of extinction. Now, it is one of the most fabled animals in the world. Yet, despite its fame, it is one of the least understood of Tasmania's native animals. タスマニアン・タイガーは恐らく絶滅したのであろう、と考えられており、最後の一頭はタスマニア、ホバートの動物園の檻の中で、1936年9月7日にこの世を去った。それは、白人により植民地化されてから僅か100年後の事だった。世界的に伝説に残る動物である一方、その名声とは裏腹に、最も謎多きタスマニア特有の動物です。 |
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The Tasmanian Tiger, the closest relative of the Tasmanian Devil, the largest marsupial carnivore is like a long dog or wolf-like appearance, having a big head, a long muzzle with a very wide gape and large canine teeth. The scientific name means "pouched dog with wolf's head". The characteristic very wide and powerful jaws are believed to open wider than any other mammal. It had a short, soft, yellowish brown fur with black stripes along its back which extends from the base of the tail to almost the shoulders, body length of 130 cm, shoulder height of 60 cm with weight of 25 to 30 kg. It's heavy stiff 50 to 65 cm' long tail, much like that of Kangaroo, becomes thicker towards the base and appeared to merge with the body. They usually live in a mosaic of large, thick eucalypt forest and woodlands which lies across most of Tasmania, wetlands and grasslands. Having a keen sense of smell, they roamed in the mountains, grassy plains and open woodlands to hunt during the evening, night and early morning. The Tasmanian Tiger preyed on many smaller animals than itself such as birds and mammals including sheep, mainly wallabies. Ate rubbish left by humans, as well. Drink fresh and clean water. In captivity, they were fed on dead rabbits and wallabies, which they devoured entirely, as well as beef and mutton. As a predator it relied on its endurance and stamina to catch its prey. It would simply chase its prey for hours, sometimes for as long as eight hours until finally the prey collapsed and was unable to continue. 一番近い親戚は、タスマニアン・デヴィル。この地球にかつて存在した動物の中で、最大の肉食有袋類であるタスマニアン・タイガーは、外観は体の細長い犬か狼に似ていて、体に対して大きな頭をしており、鼻口は長く口開広く、大きな犬歯を有す。名はこれに由来しており、学名の意味は’狼頭をした有袋犬’。哺乳類の中で、口開の広さは一番だとも言われる強靱な顎が特徴的。黄褐色の毛足短く柔らかい体に、背中は尻尾の付け根から肩まで黒の縞模様。体長130センチと大きく、肩の高さが60センチ。体重25〜30キロ。カンガルーのによく似た50〜65センチの長く太くて上部な尻尾は、付け根に近いほど太く、尻尾というより体の延長という程にしっかりしてる。タスマニア全土に広がる深い森や湿地・草原地帯を住処とし、発達した嗅覚を活かして夜間から早朝に狩りの為山中や平原を徘徊した。ワラビーを主食に、鳥や哺乳類など自分よりも小さな動物を食べ(植民地化されてからは家畜の羊も)、時には人間の食べ残しをあさる事もあった。動物園の檻の中で与えられた餌は、死んだ兎やワラビーだったが、牛や羊肉同様、むさぼる様に食べ尽くしたという。狩りの要は持久力。只黙々と、時には8時間にも及び、獲物がくたびれて降参するまで追い続けるのです。 |
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Mating occurs in late September and October, give a birth in November and December. But in some cases, breeding occurred until spring. After the birth, the tiny and hairless baby crawls into the Mum's rear-opening pouch and attach itself to one of four teats. Four young could be carried at a time, but the usual litter size was probably three. As the pouch-young grew, the pouch expanded and it becomes so big that reaches almost to the ground. Large pouch-young has fur with stripes. When old enough to leave the pouch, the young stay in a lair such as a deep rocky cave, well-hidden nest or hollow log while Mum hunt. They lived in the zoos for up to 9 yrs, but never bred in captivity. Their life expectancy in the wild is probably 5 to 7 yrs. 稀に、繁殖期は春にまで及んだが、交尾期は9月末から10月、出産は11&12月と考えられてる。微小で無毛の生まれたての赤ちゃんは誕生後、ママのお腹の袋(入口はお尻側)の中へ這ってゆき、4つある乳房の1つにしゃぶりつきます。乳房に辿りついた4匹が生を受ける事になるが、袋の容量的に実際に成人するのは3匹。袋の中で赤ちゃん達が育つにつれて袋は膨らみ、最終的には地面に着く位にまで大きくなる。袋から出る前にはもう既に、子供にも体の縞模様が出現。袋を離れられる位にまで成長すると、母親が狩りに出てる間、子供達は岩穴や樹の洞などでママの帰りを待つ。因みに、動物園で過ごすこと、9年。しかし、飼育状況下では決して繁殖することは無かった。野生の場合、寿命は5〜7年と推定される。 |
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Fossil remains and Aboriginal rock paintings show, like the Tasmanian Devil, the Tasmanian Tiger once commonly inhabited throughout mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea at some stage. The most recent remains have been dated 2,200 yrs old. Predation and competition from the dingo may have contributed to their disappearance from mainland Australia and New Guinea. However both had died out well before European settlement and the only remaining populations existed in Tasmania. When Europeans arrived in 1803, the Tasmanian Tiger were widespread in Tasmania. The sheep was introduced into Tasmania in 1824. After that the relic of the tiger in Tasmania, its last stronghold have been hunted to extinction by the early European settlers. After European settlement it required a taste for sheep and chickens then the conflict with farmers occured. Although there was little evidence of that the Tiger killing sheep, the Tiger started to be hunted down and this was the start of its extinction. The bounty of 1 pound (2 US dollars) was introduced in 1888, terminated in 1909. Some of the remnant died by a distemper-like disease. Though there were some people who had tried to protect the tiger, every effort was made by snaring, trapping, poisoning and shooting. Humans were considered the only predators. 化石やアボリジニーの壁画から、デヴィル同様タイガーも、かつてはオーストラリア本土全域とパプアニューギニアに棲息した事が解っており、最も新しい痕跡は、2200年前のものと推定される。ディンゴによる補食と、彼等との生存競争に押された事も、本土とニューギニアからタイガーが絶滅した原因の一つなのかも知れない。双方共に植民地化されるずっと以前に絶滅しており、唯一タスマニアだけに生き残った。西欧の植民者達が入ってきた1803年には、タスマニアには広範囲にタイガーは棲息していた。1824年に家畜としての羊が持ち込まれ、唯一の棲息地となったタスマニアでも、植民者達の手により絶滅した。植民地化されてからは、タイガーは羊の味を覚え、家畜も食べるようになり、農場主達との対立が始まった。実際、羊を補食するケースは少なかった様だが、これが絶滅への運命を招くことになった。ジステンパーに似た急性伝染病の流行によっても、可成りの個体数が命を落とした。タイガーの絶滅に対し警鐘を鳴らし保護に務めた人もいたが、1888年から1909年には害獣退治に対する報奨金(200円)制度まで施行され、皆こぞって罠を仕掛けたり毒を撒いたり銃殺したりした。人間以外の天敵はいなかったと考えられるので、彼等を絶滅へと追いやったのは、家畜を護る為に狩猟した人間に他ならない。 |
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The Tasmanian Tiger was shy and secretive and always avoided contact with humans. Dispite its name, it had a quiet, nervous temperament compared to its cousin, the Tasmanian Devil. Rarely seen to move fast, but when it did it appeared awkward. It trots stiffly, and when pursue it breaks into a kind of shambling canter. TheTiger is usually mute, but when anxious or excited made a series of husky, coughing barks. When hunting, it give a distinctive double yap, repeated every few seconds. It's a pity that there is no recordings. 相反する性格のタスマニアン・デヴィルの従姉妹であるタスマニアン・タイガー、名に反しとても神経質で、又内向的で大人しく、人間との接触を極力避けていた。早い動きをみせることは稀で、早足で駆ける時はよろよろ足を引きずるような感じだったという。普段は吠えることも無く静かだが、落ち着かなかったり興奮した時には、しゃがれた咳払いする様な声で吠え続ける。獲物を追う時は、子犬がキャンキャン吠え立てる様な特色ある鳴き声で少し間をおきながら吠え続けた。残念ながら録音した声は残ってない。 |
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Scientists believe that the Tasmanian Tiger is extinct. However, others believe that they survived the attempts at eradication and continue to exist in isolated groups somewhere in rugged bushland in Tasmania and sightings of this elusive creature persist to this day. It is believed that because of their shy nature, and increased human activity over the years, small remnant population could exist in some remote areas away from human interference. Each year about a dozen sightings are reported in remote areas on the east coast of Tasmania. Several reports of tiger tracks in January 1995 were given to the state park and the wildlife service office. Interestingly, good quality sightings are reported from mainland Australia, as well. Most sightings occur at night. Just under harf of 320 sightings which had reported until 1980 could be considered good sightings according to Steven Smith, however all sightings have remained inconclusive and no clear identifiable photograph exist. But this provides us hope for their existence. Resently a Tasmanian tiger fetus was found preserved in alcohol in a museum from the last 1800's. A team of scientists now are looking into the viability of cloning this fetus and the possibility of resurrecting it. Regardless of possibility, it should be asked of cloning itself. Human activity and the existence of humans had already led heaps of speices to extinction. We destroyed the ecology completely, far enough, by introducing animals and plants from here to there, from there to here. I, myself want to meet the Tasmanian Tiger. I do hope the tiger still exist. However, we, human being, shuouldn't attempt to control or change the nature any more, I think. We never be able to create the nature as it was before humans had given birth onto the earth. Though, I understand that cloning is the effort to restore. the change will cause some further deformation again. Nobody knows what happens then. What is your opinion??? もう既に絶滅してしまったと考えられてはいますが、タスマニアのどこかにまだ生き残りがいる筈だ、と信じている人達も大勢いて、この捉え処の無い存在の新たなる痕跡が、今もって発見され続けています。タスマニアン・タイガーの内向的な性格故、極力人間との接触を避けて、深い山奥のどこかでまだ生き残っているのでは・・という思い、願いを、地元の人達のも強く持っています。毎年十数件、タスマニアの東海岸線の奥地で見た、という観察・目撃証言があります。その殆どは夜間の痕跡。興味深いことに、オーストラリア本土からも、痕跡の報告があります。スティーブン・スミスは、1980年までに報告された320件の報告例の内、約半分は或る程度信頼性があるとしています。いずれも写真などの決定的な証拠は無く、真偽については未解決のままですが、まだどこかに・・という、幾ばくかの期待が拭えません。最近、19世紀後半にアルコール漬けにされたタイガーの胎児が見つかり、この胎児からクローンを作る事によってタイガーを蘇らせる事はできないか、と、その可能性を探っているところです。しかし、クローンに関しては、どんなもんでしょうねー。人間は、数知れぬ夥しい種を、既に絶滅へと導いてきた。又、人間の手で、こっちからあっち、あっちからこっちへと、動植物を運び元の生態系をとことん壊してきた。私だって、タスマニアン・タイガーに逢いたい。どこかで生き延びてくれてたら・・と思う。でも、もーこれ以上、人間は自然をコントロールしたり作り替えたりすべきではないと思います。人間が存在する前の地球に戻す事は、100%無理だし、少しでも元に戻す努力であっても、そうする事によりまたどこかに歪みが生じるのではないでしょうか。やってみないと解らない事ではあるけれど、皆さんはどうお考えになりますか? |
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タスマニア &カンガルー島 Tasmania & Kangaroo Island, Australia Little Penguin Australian Pelican The threats to the nature |
World Heritage kangaroo Island Tasmania atrandam Tasmania Falls Lake St. Clare The treasure of Tasmania |
nationalized plant Lichen / Fungus |